A Study of Homoeroticism in Twelfth Night

Twelfth Night is a major site for homoerotic discourse in queer studies. However, the play is largely concerned with the idea of love, like many of Shakespeare's comedies. In order to investigate his subject further, Shakespeare periodically uses homoeroticism in order to represent various forms of relationships. The pairings of Olivia and Cesario/Viola, Antonio and Sebastian, and Orsino and Cesario/Viola, demonstrate that same-sex erotic attraction is a major theme in the play. Viola's secretive cross-dressing causes Olivia to believe that both of them are participating in normal, heterosexual interactions, while in reality they interact in a homoerotic fashion. These complex, homoerotic representations serve to dramatize the socially constructed basis for determination of sexuality according to one's gender identity. I intend to establish that in this play Shakespeare dramatically criticises the idealized norms of heterosexuality (required by his society) through focussing his narr ative on representations of homoerotic pairings and deconstructing dominant gender categories.What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy? Viola's transvestism spurs various relationships that fall within the bounds of homoeroticism. Through the secret of her disguise, her actions illustrate the flaws of socially constructed gender identities, defined by the socially perceived opposites of aggressive, â€Å"macho† masculinity, and silent, yet coquettish, femininity, checked by behaviour of males. Viola's success in perpetrating her secret transvestism indicates that the construction and performance of gender is not dependent on one's physical characteristics but on one's behaviour, as well as upon a set of observed and internalised mannerisms. Viola's representation of homoerotic interaction in Olivia's love for her, and in her own love in Orsino as Cesario, disrupts the traditional, feminist â€Å"us vs. them† principle, and demonstrates that constructed, socially acceptable gender identities of the feminine and masculine are attributes that can be found in either male or female. In the final scene of the play, when Viola's act is exposed – â€Å"If nothing lets to make us happy both / But this my masculine usurped attire, [†¦] That I am Viola† (V.i.249-253), Sebastian, Viola's twin brother, easily steps into the vacuum left by the revelation of Cesario's identity marrying Olivia as he states, â€Å"So comes it, lady, you have been mistook. / [†¦] You would have been contracted to a maid, / Nor are you therein, by my life, deceived. You are betrothed both to a maid and man† (V.i.259-63). The twins' interchangeable nature demonstrates to us that even the natural perspective of the world is not a gendered duality. The differently-gendered identical twins show a collapse of sexual difference as a natural process, indicating that nature never intended man to be constrained by gender binaries. Orsino proclaims â€Å"One face, one voice, one habit, and two persons, / A natural perspective, that is and is not!† (V.i.215-6), stat ing that nature is able to create two identical beings despite the natural sex difference between brother and sister, male and female. The same concept that allows a female Viola to be a male Cesario also allows male actors portraying female characters to seem authentic, despite their natural gender. Upon mistaking Sebastian for Cesario/Viola, Feste remarks: â€Å"Nothing that is so is so,† (IV.i.8), indicating that gender is not dependent solely on physical attributes. Feste later adds, â€Å"That that is, is† (IV.ii.15), commenting on his own dressing as a Parson while Feste is really a fool. This same phrase extends to comment on the fact that Viola is male so long as she portrays a male, that gender is dependant on society's perception and not on one's private parts. When Olivia queries Cesario for his identity, â€Å"What are you? What would you?† (I.v.207-208) and Cesario/Viola cryptically replies that what he is and would be is â€Å"as secret as maidenhead† (I.v.211)), Viola alludes to her true gender. However, in addition, she also hints at Sebastian's virginity that the latter admits to in the final act of the play, stating Olivia is â€Å"betrothed both to a maid and man† (V.i.263). When the effects of these statements at combined, it is interesting to observe that Cesario's response to Olivia's query refers to the maidenheads of Cesario, Viola, as well as the boy actor playing her! As Viola states later on: â€Å"I am all the daughters of my father's house, / And all the brothers too† (II.iv.120-1). Twelfth Night interrogates the exclusive nature of constructed gender categories and challenges the heterosexual hegemony by constructing representations of same-sex love. Viola's imitation of the male gender demonstrates to us that erotic attraction is neither inherently based in gender, nor a solely-heterosexual phenomenon – since Olivia becomes attracted to Viola (as Cesario), and Orsino to Cesario. In the play, homoeroticism does not follow gender stereotypes of the effeminate male or the masculine female, as in the case of Antonio's affection for Sebastian – despite Antonio's stereotypically-masculine identity, that Shakespeare shows to us when Antonio â€Å"took [†¦ Sebastian] from the breach of the sea.† Antonio's love for Sebastian is portrayed, when Antonio states, â€Å"If you will not murder me for my love, let me by your servant† (II.i.33-4) and, later: I have many enemies in Orsino's court, [†¦] But come what may, I do adore thee so That danger shall seem sport, and I will go. (II.i.51-4) Both Antonio and Sebastian are swordsmen, possessors of a very â€Å"masculine† skill, and yet both engage in homoerotic relations. It is interesting to note that, despite the fact that Sebastian is more resistant and feminine in comparison to Antonio – as he wishes to avoid causing harm, utilizing only his dagger's hilt, despite Sir Andrew striking him and paying the pestering Feste to leave Sebastian alone, instead of striking him, in the first scene of act four (lines 17-25) – Sebastian is the one who succumbs to the social constructions of masculinity and heterosexuality when he marries Olivia in the final act of the play. Meanwhile, the â€Å"macho† Antonio remains homosexual, as seen in his silence at Sebastian's wedding, which speaks louder than any vocal protest. Such relationship dynamics in the play disrupt the social notion, prevalent in Shakespeare's (and even current) time – that the heterosexual man is supposed to be a â€Å"macho† figure and homosexual man is meant to be effeminate. Similarly, Viola's feminine quality in playing Cesario inspires love in Olivia rather than the aggressive â€Å"male† traits of Orsino. Viola becomes a â€Å"better† man when she deviates from the behavioural script set out in Orsino's Petrarchan sonnet – a male form that silences the woman as an unattainable distanced goddess. The Petrarchan sonnet form, although addressed to females, was commonly read by males, used to solidify elite homosocial bonds (Marotti 396-428) as well as to promote a social discourse designed by and for men (Vickers 96). Viola's deviation from this male form creates a new female (perhaps lesbian) poetic within the pastoral setting that she constructs in her response to Olivia's refusal to love Or sino: Make me a willow cabin at your gate And call upon my soul within the house; Write loyal cantons of contemned love And sing them loud even in the dead of night; Hallow your name to the reverberate hills, And make the babbling gossip of the air Cry out â€Å"Olivia!† (I.v.263-8) Thus, Viola (as Cesario) creates a space for Olivia's reply, whereas Orsino's script (â€Å"Lady, you are the cruel'st she alive / If you will lead these graces to the grave / And leave the world no copy† (I.v.236-8) prevents response, thus portraying Olivia as an object incapable of response. Olivia anticipates her own objectification, interjecting to say: Oh, sir, I will not be so hardhearted. I will give out divers schedules of my beauty. It shall be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labelled to my will: as, item, two lips, indifferent red; item, two grey eyes with lids to them; item, one neck, one chin, and so forth. (I.v.239-44) She understands the ways in which she is reducible to an item, whose qualities consist of a checklist of characteristics, which, in turn, identify her as an unattainable, silent object of beauty. In contrast to such a mode of communication, Viola's encouragement for response causes Olivia to present her ring to Cesario/Viola. While attempting to win Olivia's heart, Cesario deviates from socially constructed male behaviour; ironically, this results in Olivia pursuing Cesario – in a masculine action. This scenario undermines the construction of categorical sex via the success of Cesario by acting as a female. Similarly, the portrayal of a supposedly heterosexual relationship, that puts the female in the place of power, counters the social norm that places the male at the helm of a relationship. One finds a similar situation in the fourth scene of the second act, where Orsino remarks that in love, a woman does not suffer so much as a man (93-118), to which Viola (as Cesario) vehemently responds, telling Orsino of her love for him indirectly: In faith, they are as true of heart as we. My father had a daughter loved a man [†¦] She never told her love, But let concealment, like a worm i'th'bud, Feed on her damask cheek. She pined in thought, And with a green and yellow melancholy; She sat like Patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed? We men say more, swear more, but indeed Our shows are more than will; for still we prove Much in our vows, but little in our love. (II.iv.105-118). Viola aggressively and passionately describes her patience though a story, taking on the role of the man: she controls the discourse as she impersonates herself, and objectifies herself as allegorical â€Å"Patience on a monument† (II.iv.14), in a verbal tour de force. Paradoxically, Viola affirms her patience and feminine character by means of being masculine (according to the gender paradigms Orsino proposes). Viola strongly explains the patience and gentility of a woman, as a disguised woman, thus deconstructing the categories of sex in general, and those of femininity as â€Å"patience† and masculinity as â€Å"aggression,† in specific. As well, Viola challenges the patriarchal social order of her society by demonstrating how she, a transvestite, is capable of deconstructing gender categories. Further, the very fact that the action in the plot – the wooing of Olivia, unbeknownst to Sebastian, and the wooing of Orsino – is mostly attributed to Viola through her planning and action demonstrates the female in power instead of a male. This fact, combined with the inaction of the male characters in the play, destabilizes another traditional notion of gender identity: the female as the prized possession and the male as its conqueror. The final act of the play exposes the failure of the dominant, heterosexual regime to fully regulate its own narrative ideals, since, in order to achieve a â€Å"happy,† heterosexual ending, which befits a traditional comedy, a series of improbable plot turns must take place. This structural necessity indicates to us that Shakespeare is ambivalently invested in the heterosexual standards that he imposes upon his play. The unlikelihood of various irrational plot turns, and easily interchangeable affections, necessary to end the play with these successful, formed relationships shows the failure of imposing heterosexual ideals in society. Despite the absurd twists in the play, there remains some untouched deconstruction of gender as well as some latent homoeroticism in the play. In line 263 of the first scene of act five, Sebastian says that he is both man and maid, in reference to his virginity, but also in reference to his character traits being both male and female. This admission destabilizes the configuration of gender by attributing Sebastian with both male and female physical attributes, albeit figuratively. This also maintains a measure of homoeroticism in Sebastian's character. Further, Orsino comments that Viola is both man and maid as well – in that Olivia will remain a man so long as she dresses in man's garb: Cesario, come– For so you shall be, while you are man; But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino's mistress and his fancy's queen. (V.i.385-388) This remark concludes that identity, gender, and its foundations are simply as interchangeable as clothing, and gender depends on the character's actions and not their physical attributes. Ultimately, the ending of Twelfth Night is not entirely ideal, since many characters – Viola, Sebastian and Olivia – are not completely happy, having succumbed to the pressures of heterosexual conformity. The true homosexual union of male and female character pairs challenges the heterosexual dominance over homosexual interaction. Viola may have won Orsino; she may even marry Orsino, but she is not completely happy since Orsino mere moments ago was willing to destroy their friendship for Olivia's sake (â€Å"Farewell, and take her, but direct thy feet / Where thou and I henceforth may never meet† (V.i.166-7)). Likewise, Sebastian, although happy with Olivia, seems happier when he sees Antonio once again at the end of the play, and exclaims in a romantic manner upon seeing him, saying, â€Å"Antonio, O my dear Antonio! / How have the hours racked and tortured me / Since I have lost thee!† Finally, while Olivia is set to wed Sebastian, she seems more jubilant with regard to having Viola as a sister, â€Å"A sister! You are she† (V.i.327), thus expressing her deeper interest in Viola rather than Sebastian. Since Shakespeare's society chose to regulate the sexual and gendered expression of its people, Shakespeare comments on the â€Å"ideal† norms of heterosexuality in Twelfth Night, demonstrating, through carefully constructed contradictions, that gender is a mere social construction. That in actuality there are no boundaries to behaviour and that there is no such thing as â€Å"homoeroticism† or â€Å"hetero-eroticism† but only Eros, regulated by attraction, love and relationship. True homosexual union of male and female character pairs in this play (as both actors are male), challenges the heterosexual dominance over homosexual interaction. Having done so, Shakespeare, due to societal prejudice, reverts to heterosexual discourse, acknowledging that despite the truth of sex and gender, one must abide, for practical reasons, by the demands of social majority.

Calveta Dining Services Essay

Calveta Dining Services, Inc.: Case Analysis Abstract Calveta Dining Services, Inc. was a $2 billion, privately held firm that managed food service operations for nearly 1,000 senior living facilities (SLFs) in the United States. It was built on Antonio Calveta’s passion for food and traditional family values. It made better food that was more nutritious for the residents of the SLFs whose current food budgets did not exceed. It also provided with not only higher-quality food but also more personalized service. Presently, Calveta Dining Services ran food services for 976 SLFs and employed 15,000 people. When Antonio retired from his 35 years of leadership, he named his eldest son, Frank, as the new CEO and was asked to double the company’s revenues within five years, of which 2 years have passed without any credible strategy adopted yet. He did not want to disturb the special company culture or risk their reputation for quality food services on the race to double the re venue. Now he finds it difficult to carry out his father’s directives. The humanistic and emphatically pro-employee company culture should not be disturbed while the growth strategy takes place. Currently, he is in a dilemma whether to expand beyond the SLF market and he is worried if he could continue to maintain the quality level, for which Calveta is renowned, in this process. Analysis In order to increase the revenue as promised to his father, Frank has to consider growth strategies for his organization. He has around three strategies in his mind and has to work on them to see which one brings the maximum benefit and fulfils his needs aptly. The strategies that he has in mind are either to continue in the existing situation itself or introduce it to the hospital segment. He also has thought of taking up Great Southwest Dining Service

Globalization Position Paper Essay

Globalization is the process making the worlds citizens increasingly interdependent economically, politically, and socially, as well as environmentally and technologically. Although, to what extent should we embrace it? By the given definition, you would expect globalization to allow cultures, ideas, and beliefs to spread across the globe, which would lead to the development of our countries. However, this is not the case as said here by William K. Tabb, Economist: â€Å"Globalization refers to the process of reducing barriers between countries and encouraging closer economic, political, and social interaction. Globalization could vastly increase the ability of people everywhere to improve their living standards by sharing knowledge and the fruits of human labor across those barriers. This, of course, does not happen.† Tabb is trying to tell us that while Globalization could be doing us of world of good, it has failed to do so in recent years. In fact, a process that is supposed to allow us all to grow, is transforming us into somewhat of a monoculture due to acculturation. Tabb believes that there is vast potential for our world to become closer through political, social, and economic interaction if we allow it to do so. Sometimes we just don’t know exactly how to go about it. The aspect of globalization that has been occurring lately is more like assimilation than accommodation. Some have said that what is happening to the world is â€Å"Americanization†, which means that the world is becoming less of a mix of numerous different countries and cultures and more like one giant America. The beliefs, values, views, history and language of a people should all be evident within their culture, and while we can allow globalization to help counties grow, it should not be in a way that takes away or lessens their culture and it’s importance. Under the best conditions, globalization reduces barriers allowing the worlds countries to interact closer with one another. Though it should not become an unreciprocated act where only one country is receiving positive ideas and technology without the other. It seems that the world’s more powerful countries easily share their culture but have no interest in receiving anything from the less powerful countries, or when they do,  receive much less. This is not due to the less dominant country but rather to the more powerful one being somewhat uninterested. â€Å" Globalization could vastly increase the ability of people everywhere to improve their living standards by sharing knowledge and the fruits of human labor across those barriers. This, of course, does not happen.† Despite what William K. Tabb said here, these very things have happened, just not as often as one would perhaps wish them to. Take Taiwan for example. Thirty years ago the country had widespread poverty and was extremely poor. Nowadays they are as rich as the Spanish, with poverty rates cut by more than 50% and real wages that are now 10 times higher. How did they manage to accomplish this? This vast amount of economic progress was achieved through land reform, a government push for industrialization (such as the emersion of sweatshops), innovative ideas (more people owning their own business), cultural changes, and democracy rather than dictatorship. As long as foreign countries around the world are able to improve their living standards through globalization, and can do so without becoming too westernized, we can still see globalization as a positive occurrence. Globalization can do us of world of good. In some ways it has accomplished this and in others it has failed. It has been proven that it has the capability to change the lives of many through an improvement in their living standards. Not to mention that it reduces barriers and allows more interaction between people from different corners of the globe. But while it has managed to do this, a process that is supposed to allow us all to grow, is transforming us into a monoculture at the same time. William K. Tabb’s perspective is not the only one, but should only be embraced to some extent. Globalization should reduce barriers preventing closer relations with other nations and improve living standards. However, it should do so without causing too much westernization in eastern countries, and without assimilating the less dominate nations.

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING PERFORMANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING PERFORMANCE - Essay Example nce is recognised to bestow an organisation with pertinent statistical understanding of its existing situation in the global marketplace which in turn enables it to initiate future initiatives for developing the products/services for its customers. Hence, it can be affirmed that measuring the performances of an organisation fundamentally concentrates on the process of collecting and accounting the information about the productivity of its workforce along with the quality of services rendered (Armstrong & Baron, 2005). With due consideration to developing and managing performance of the workforce, the report intends to critically evaluate the key elements of employee reward and development policy along with practice contributing to the overall performance of Pentangelli’s in its restaurant business. Pentangelli’s is recognised as a restaurant chain situated in East and North Ridings of Yorkshire. It specialises in Anglo-Italian food items. Moreover, the discussion of this report will further include the challenges that could be faced by Pentangelli’s in terms of designing effective strategies for its employee in relation to rewards and development policies. Employee reward and development policy and practice play an imperative part for an organisation to continuously keep its employees motivated and focused towards achieving the overall goals of the organisation. The two key elements of employee reward and development policy comprise: It can be extensively observed that paying appropriate or at times higher wages to the employees or paying additional compensations is highly beneficial to increase the talent engagement as well as the method also helps to reduce the attrition rate of the employees within the organisation. A successful organisation prudently exploits compensation plans according to the performance of the workforce in order to uphold organisational values as well as recompense workers for contributing whole-heatedly towards meeting the

Marketing in Luxury Cars Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing in Luxury Cars - Case Study Example The ad has a creative bent helped by the tag "Engineered Mischief" which shows the car driving along and in the process casting a shadow shaped like a pitchfork. The advertising copy reads: "Born with a silver pitchfork in its mouth." In terms of consumer behavior, the focus of the Porsche Cayman print ad is targeted on persons who have a heavy substance and style. The Porsche Cayman cars are known for quality and performance advantage over most American-made cars. This constant superior car performance of the Porsche Cayman puts a high premium on these brands of cars. The Porsche Cayman wants to reinforce their sophisticated, high-class image by advertising and promotion that is highly focused on persons with status and privilege. In terms of over-all strategy, the marketing of this car is directed to the wealthy businessmen and executives as shown by the ad copy. The ad is directed to both the young and mature businessmen and executives as shown by the visual image of the devil's pitchfork which connotes great excitement, fun, breaking the barriers and adventure for the targeted market. The distribution of the car is handled by well-trained dealers. The print ads that the being introduced, each focusing on one of the pillars of the campaign. The print ads appear in magazines, including Time, Newsweek, Fortune, Real Simple, and Architectural Digest. The ad cites the economic impact: it focuses on Toyota's new plant in San Antonio, Texas, which directly employs 2,000 people and adds thousands of other new jobs to the area. The headline reads: "Can a pickup give 2,000 people a lift Why not" The ad cites a strong environmental commitment: it presents Toyota's aspirations for zero emission vehicles and zero waste in its plants. The headline reads: "Can you have an impact by making none at all Why not" The ad stresses social responsibility: it highlights Toyota's Driving Expectations Program, which teaches valuable defensive driving skills to teens and their parents. The headline reads: "Can the most important safety feature in a car be a teen driver Why not The ad campaign has a "vision" The text of the ad reads: WHY NOT Two words that are filled with possibilities. They can turn a challenge into an opportunity. An obstacle into an inspiration. It's a question we ask ourselves at Toyota every day. Because we're continuously looking for new ways to improve what we do. By asking tough questions. Can we make a car that has zero emissions Can we improve the economy of a community Can we enrich the lives of people around us Why not Toyota Lexus focused on market research to determine why a particular consumer segment loses interest in one vehicle while maintaining interest in another. Toyota Lexus acts to unplug that bottleneck by presenting a special options package to car buyers at an early stage of consideration or by staging invitation-only test-drives for new models. Brands that become familiar to people early in their lives are more likely to be purchased by them when they first buy cars.Toyota Lexus targets high-potential segments. It uses market segmentation for the Lexus branding effort. Japanese carmakers are leaders of targeting. The Lexus team started with the styles, needs, and values--identified through consumer research--that motivated

John Marshall and Judicial Review Research Paper

John Marshall and Judicial Review - Research Paper Example Rather, Britain adheres the principle of parliamentary supremacy which gives the Crown and Parliament [House of Lords and House of Commons after the 1832 Reform Act3] the right to make laws. These laws followed the ultra vires rule and once a given situation fell under the scope of a law enacted by Parliament, it had to be obeyed without question4. Britain remained in this situation until the mid-1900s where the House of Lords was allowed to review cases that contained inherent legal disputes that could not be handled by the courts5. However, one of the landmark changes that the independence of the United States brought was the creation of an independent Judiciary that is headed by a Supreme Court which was meant to act as an independent branch of government with the power to control the two other arms of government6. The landmark ruling that established the precedence of Judicial Review was issued by Justice John Marshall in 1803 when he ruled on the case of Marbury V Madison7. This paper examines the ruling of this landmark case in US legal history and its role in establishing the principle of Judicial Review which subsists to this

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Research Paper - Essay Example I was interested in knowing the progress China is making that could see it become a super power nation and the reasons that were behind its progress. It was due to this reason that I carried out the internet research to get more detailed information on China’s economy and its rise that could see it become one of the super power nations. I carried out some research on the internet using Google as my search engine. I also followed the United States news about the implication of the coming power shifts and how they could have impacts on the U.S policy. During my extensive reading through the various articles and web pages, I found some names and phone numbers and so I contacted those leads in order to gather more information on the topic. The National Intelligence Council argues that by 2030 the global balance of power will shift significantly. China will likely become the largest economy in the world. In terms of military spending, Gross Domestic Product, population size and tec hnological investment, Asia will surpass Europe and North America. The United States is expected to become first among equals rather than a superpower nation due to the coming diffusion of powers. ... The initiation of this economic reform has made china become one of the world’s fastest growing economies. The rise of China economies has surprised many people and its progress seems even more praiseworthy. The article by Professor James states that the rise of modern China to become the second largest economy in the world has become possible due to the success of the Chinese communist revolution during the mid-20th century. The invading Japanese imperial army was defeated by the People’s Liberation Army. They also defeated the US imperialist-back comprador led Kuomintang â€Å"Nationalist† army. The reunification of China as an independent sovereign state was made possible as a result. The extraterritorial privileges of the Western imperialist were abolished by the Communist government. This resulted in territorial freedoms of the regional warlords and the gangsters driving away women and drug traffickers as well those who were providing services to Euro-Americ an Empire. Economic reform on a large scale in a country as large as china was seen to be impossible. However, China has been incrementally transformed into a market economy from a control. This has been made possible due to Deng and his reform coalition. Due to the continued rise of economic aspects of China it is soon becoming a superpower nation. Due to various measures taken by the government of China, its economy has greatly risen. Colin Carter explains that today China produces 18% of the world cereal grains, fifty percent of the world’s vegetables and twenty nine percent of the world’s meat. This has made China one of the world’s largest agricultural economy and it has been ranked as the largest producer of wheat, cotton, rice, tea and

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CRJS478DB3 - Research Paper Example DNA appears in two stands of polymers, made of simple units known as nucleotides, with X and Y genes (Lazer, 2004). The replication of DNA leads to production of a pair of identical replicas from the mother molecule. This continuous process takes place in all living organisms, and as such, ensures biological inheritance. DNA relates to the genes and chromosomes in such as way that it holds all the information in chromosomes necessary in encoding genes. Chromosomes appear in cells and contain genetic information usually passed down through a given lineage. A gene is a DNA sequence that determines particular traits in these living organisms. The most important usage of DNA tests and analysis is DNA profiling, which entails identification of individuals using the profile of their respective DNAs. Forensic scientists can make use of these profiles in identifying victims of a fire or blast burnt beyond physical recognition, or identifying criminals at a crime scene (Vaughan,

Knowledge Management and Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Management and Strategy - Case Study Example In this case the Australians Mango Industry Association Ltd. (AMIA) must look for ways in which they can create, capture, organize and eventually distribute knowledge from one part of the world to another. Consequently, the latter association needs to ensure that they can easily distribute this knowledge and that it is in fact available to other future users. Knowledge transfer mechanisms are quite different from communication mechanisms because they are more complex. AMIA needs to look for ways in which it can accumulate all the relevant knowledge for entering the Chinese market because there knowledge does not exist in just one form. The association's members could play a contributory role. Additionally, certain sub networks exist that could facilitate knowledge transfer. On top of this, it is likely that the tools and tasks prevalent within the association could go a long way in ascertaining that the company is itself one of the most respectable ones in the business. The latter association needs to put in mind that fact that a large portion of knowledge required to export mangoes to China is tacit hence the need to appropriate transfer mechanisms. There are a series of issues th... Argote (2000) states that the major weaknesses that can hinder knowledge transfer mechanisms are the informal networking activities. The following areas can facilitate these; Task forces Teams Managerial efforts Etc Since AMIA is venturing into unknown territory, then these informal networks have not yet been set. They may present problems in the transfer of knowledge. Additionally, the current situation may prove to be sticky in terms of knowledge transfer because of certain knowledge related factors. These factors can impede progress by AMAI owing to the fact that certain forms of knowledge may be too context specific. This means that there may be knowledge that applies only to Australia and cannot be exported to other parts of the world. This eventually makes such efforts futile. In other scenarios, certain forms of knowledge cannot be transferred by AMIA because it is too ambiguous to derive any form of usefulness from it. In order to acquire knowledge, it is important for people to be motivated to acquire it. In other words, the association needs to look for ways in which it can motive people to want to acquire knowledge. (Shaw, 2001) The need for motivation is important in any country or organization owing to the fact that increased knowledge can cause a disruption in the current working routines and also in the type of organizational practices prevalent within those areas. AMIA needs to dedicate considerable amount of resources and time in allowing them to deal with the issues as they are. Another major problem that is facing AMIA is with regard to the social cultural and also the structural distance between the two countries i.e. Australia and China. The latter association will have difficulties in communication because the two countries speak different

PhD statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PhD statement of purpose - Essay Example Together with others in the Society, I research and present papers. I believe myself to be capable of much more, which is why I wish to proceed by following a course of study such as is offered by the Ph.D. Program. There is much that I could contribute to the field of Marketing now and in the future. During my studies in Switzerland, I earned many awards and some of the highest marks. It was not merely these, nor the standing in my class which motivated me, rather, it was the chance to make a tangible difference in my field through writing and research. This is what encouraged and motivated me to study harder, and more importantly, to study smarter. The areas of study, namely tourism, travel the the hospitality industry aroused my interest in all matters concerning the service sector and consumer behavior, which is why my research has continuously focused on all aspects of these topics. I intend to pursue this as far as possible, with a view to applying results to the development of my country's tourist market. I have chosen to study Marketing in the Ph.D. program, which I would prefer to join as soon as possible. My main strengths lie with the mathematical sciences, because I enjoy working with numbers and determining their correct interpretation. I am also interested in related sciences, including marketing. The challenge of systematically collecting, studying and determining logical outcomes is something which has always interested and motivated me. I consider my ability to approach a puzzle or problem and find a rational solution to be a great asset which supports my research capabilities. I enjoy travelling to new places, seeing things that are exotic, which is why travel is very important to me. This is an activity that has given me much pleasure, as well as lessons I would not have learned elsewhere. My initial research experience was in consumer behavior. I learned among others, various marketing concepts to analyze customer behaviour, including relationship marketing, service recovery, value of customer/provider relationships. There is fundamental need to understand the differences between what customers really want and what business currently offer. Customers want a personal connection with the people and the organizations they do business with. This is to ensure that business outcomes are perceived as positive experiences, rather than a mere transaction. The more customers have such experiences in dealing with service providers, the more loyal they become and the more follow-on business they will engage in, in the future. If given the chance to be admitted to the Ph.D. program on Marketing, I shall focus on service sectors. I have made my career goal to be the marketing of tourism for my country, Taiwan. While striving to attain good grades, the patience required for studying, researching, and writing is my best attribute. Even in my younger student days, I was careful to accomplish tasks, which is reflected in my attention to detail and I always adopt a methodical approach to all my work. Should I be given the opportunity to continue studying, I would be able to apply results from earlier research studies, which were carried out by myself, or in collaboration with one of my professors. These research studies were concerned with the airline business, computer and mobile telecommunications marketing and I consider

Primary education Essay Example for Free

Primary education Essay According to the Kenyan government, education is â€Å"A long term objective to provide basic quality education to enhance Kenyans ability to preserve and utilize the environment for productive and sustainable livelihoods, to develop quality of the human race; to realize the universal access to education and training for all including the disadvantaged and the vulnerable and as a necessary tool for development and protection of the democratic institutions of human rights† (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005 pp2). The current Kenyan education system consists of Early Childhood Education, primary and secondary education. Early Childhood Education takes one year. At the end of the primary education, pupils sit for the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) prepared by the Kenya National Examination Council. Performance in the KCPE determines who is admitted to secondary schools. At the end of secondary education, students sit for the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. Primary school education in Kenya is a basic and is considered the root of all formal and informal learning in Kenya. Free and compulsory primary education for Kenyan children was one of the key pre-election promises that led the NARC government led by President Mwai Kibaki, to ascend to power in December 2002. Since then, an estimated 1. 5 million children, who were previously out-of school, have turned up to attend classes (Paul Kenya, 2008). The free Primary Education policy was first implemented in January 2003. The FPE policy focuses on attaining Education For all and in particular, Universal Primary Education. Key concerns are access, retention, equity, quality and relevance and internal and external efficiencies within the education system (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005a, pp3). Through the FPE policy, the NARC government scrutinized the current 8-4-4 systems, which had previously been coupled with retention and reduced enrolment before it came to power. The policy’s focus is on â€Å"quality education and training as a human right in accordance to Kenya law and international conventions† (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005 pp3). VISION Quality education for development. (Elimu bora Kwa Maendeleo) MISSION To provide, promote and co-ordinate lifelong education, training and research for KLenya’s sustainable development. POLICY OBJECTIVES 1. To achieve education for all (EFA) by 2015 2. To achieve transition rate of 70% from primary to secondary from the current rate of 57% 3. To enhance access, equity and quality primary education 4. To achieve 50% improvement levels of literacy by 2015 5. To attain universal primary education (UPE). This is in line with the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals 6. To reduce the number of primary school children drop outs. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE POLICY 1. Increase in number of children enrolled in primary schools. Primary education has witnessed phenomenal growth since the policy was established. The number of primary school pupils rose dramatically from 5. 9 million in 2002 to 7. 6 million in 2005 to 82. 78 in 2009, according to a World Bank report, published in 2010 2. Significant reduction in the repetition rate. The number of students repeating and dropping out has reduced significantly() this may be attributed to the fact that parents no longer have to think about paying school fees. CHALLENGES FACED BY THE POLICY. 1. Delays in Funds Disbursement Delays in distributing funds to support free primary school education is one of the challenges facing the policy implementation. This has frustrated many teachers, put pressure and on parents financial burdens. Teachers thus lack motivation to teach the increasing number of pupils as a result of the introduction of the policy. 2. Teacher Shortages A UNESCO survey on the evaluation of the Free Primary policy (UNESCO, 2005) indicates that the teacher: pupil ratio, in a significant number of schools was 1:70 which was far beyond the recommended maximum rate of 1:40. Such a high ratio has got challenges. For example, teachers find it impossible to pay attention to all learners, especially the slow ones. Also teachers were not able to give adequate assignments to the pupils, as they could not cope with the marking and teaching workload (UNESCO, 2005). 3. Teacher-Learning Facilities There is a challenge in the limited teacher-learning facilities, which forces pupils to share. Sharing of facilities such as textbooks, exercise books, pens e. t. c has affected pupil’s accessibility to the books while at home and many have to do their homework early in the morning the next day when in school. There is also the issue of inadequate physical facilities where most schools did not have adequate classroom to accommodate the large number of pupils enrolled under the FPE programmes. 4. Managerial Skills Most school managers (the head teachers) are not well equipped in managerial skills. This is to say that their managerial skills are poor and these results to poor results by the schools they head as well as mismanagement of available funds. 5. Mobility from Public to Private and within Public Schools This may not be a major challenge but it still is a challenge. Teachers complain that pupils’ frequent transfers from one school to another at any point of the term and in any class affect content delivery. This may be as a result of a preference for free and cheaper education, school availability and its proximity as well as the highest grade offered in a school. A lower fee is also a factor, and cheaper or free schools seemed to be an important motivation for school transfer. 6. Embezzlement of Funds and Corruption Embezzlement of funds is a core challenge. Some government officials are corrupt and hence there is mismanagement or misallocation of funds that are allocated to them, (UNESCO, 2005). For instance, the sponsor’s funds; this makes some children who are poor miss the opportune moments of schooling. I addition to that, senior officials in the Ministry of Education, in Kenya have been accused of protecting corrupt headmasters suspected of embezzling funds because they are also indirectly benefiting from incentives that are being paid by parents, disgruntled senior education officials have revealed, (UNESCO, 2005). RECCOMENDATIONS 1. Timely release of funds. Funds should be released as soon as they are available. This will ensure the teachers and students remain motivated to learn. 2. Increase numbers of teachers employed and increase their wages. Increasing the number of teachers permanently employed in public primary schools will help to take care of the teacher-student ratio. Increasing their wages will also ensure that the teachers are motivated to do their work well. 3. Investing in Teacher-Learning Facilities. The government should invest in building more classrooms to reduce the current congestion in the classrooms. The government should also work hand in hand with sponsors and international investors to ensure the pupils have enough books, pens and other facilities needed by both teachers and pupils. 4. Training of managers. Heads of schools should be trained on how to manage the funds given to them as well as efficiently running the schools. 5. Monitor ministry officials and those handling the funds. An organization or body that can monitor the ministry officials and those handling the funds such as the anti-corruption commission of Kenya to ensure that those handing the funds are not corrupt and those caught in corrupt practices face the law. REFERENCES 1. UNESCO (2005). Challenges of implementing free primary education in Kenya: assessment report. Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Education, Science Technology. 2. Okwach, A. and George, O. (1997). Efficiency of primary education in Kenya: situational analysis and implications for educational reform. Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research. 3. UNESCO (2006). Fact book on education for all, UNESCO Nairobi 4. Voss, R. ; Bedi, A. ; Kimalu, P. K. ; Manda,D. K. ; Nafula,N. N; Kimenyi, M. S. Achieving universal primary education: Can Kenya Afford it? University of Connecticut: Department of Economics working paper series.

Compromise Of 1877 Frederick Douglass History Essay

Compromise Of 1877 Frederick Douglass History Essay Frederick Douglass was one of the most well-known fiery orators and his famous speeches, including The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro, were published in many different abolitionist newspapers. On July 5, 1852, Douglass was invited to present a speech about the importance of the Fourth of July for Americas black people. In his speech, Douglass condemned the attitude of the American population toward slavery. In fact, Douglass was very radicalized by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. This law allowed the search and arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery had been abolished. In addition, the law obliges the population of all states to actively participate in the capture of fugitive slaves, and the severe punishment for the slaves, those who harbor them, and those who have not contributed to the capture of a slave. That is why, Douglass became radicalized by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 and stated that these events were very cruel in American history. Reconstruction was a period in the U.S. history after the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877 years. In the U.S. history, reconstruction involve, firstly, a historical period following the Civil War between the North and the South, and, secondly, the transformation of the South in the period from about 1865-1866 to 1877 during the restructuring of the government and society in the former Confederacy. Three adopted amendments to the Constitution have affected the whole country. In various southern states, reconstruction began and ended at different times, in the end, the completion of this process is generally considered to be a compromise of 1877. Reconstruction policy was implemented after the fact when the slaveholding South found itself completely at the mercy of the Federal Army. President Abraham Lincoln during the war created the Reconstruction government in several Southern states Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana, and gave the land to former slaves in South Carolina. After Lincolns assassination, President Andrew Johnson tried to follow the policies of his predecessor and appointed new governors in the summer of 1865. Soon, he said that the objectives of the war the national unity and the elimination of slavery have been achieved and, therefore, the reconstruction was complete. All in all, it is possible to conclude that despite a lot of abuse and the fact that Reconstruction did not go swimmingly, all the goals were achieved in a proper way and it completed the separation between the North and South. Thus, Reconstruction can be considered to be a success. The movie Glory is based a true story that tells about the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer, which took place during the Civil War. The 54th Regiment was the first unit of the U.S. Army composed entirely of blacks (except for officers). The regiment was formed in 1862 and headed by young Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who believed that former slaves could also be good soldiers. Colonel Shaw will have to deal with racial prejudice of his enemies and friends, the officers, who began to despise him for his choice. The major differences existed among the black soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry were the fact that the regiment included not only the free blacks, but also the escaped ones who together struggled for their freedom rights. Additionally, they both were from different regions of origin and had different educational backgrounds. However, despite discrimination during the Civil War, blacks could prove that they were good soldiers willing to struggle to the death for their rights. The Emancipation of Proclamation was a document that consisted of two orders of Abraham Lincoln issued during the Civil War. The first decree issued on September 22, 1862, declared free all slaves in any state of the CSA. The second decree issued on January 1, 1863, named the 10 individual states to be covered by the abolition of slavery. At the beginning, the Emancipation of Proclamation was criticized because it emancipated slaves only in the areas where the United States of America had no power. However, the Proclamation brought freedom to thousands of slaves in the day when it entered into force, and in nine of the ten states in which it was applied (Texas was the only exception). In such a case, it is possible to say that the Emancipation of Proclamation was an act of justice, which brought freedom to black slaves and strived to abolish slavery. From the beginning of the Civil War, blacks in the North have made persistent attempts to win the right to serve in the federal army and to defend their freedom. F. Douglas during the Civil War tirelessly explained that the key political issue is the destruction of slavery and insisted on the admission of blacks in the Union Army. However, until the middle of 1862 the government refused them in this. Only under the influence of military setbacks and the growing pressure from the masses, it was decided to call blacks in the Union Army. Before the Civil War, blacks were recruited into the navy, but only in non-combatant positions without the right to bear arms. Thus, nearly two years of war blacks were not allowed to join the army, and only the number of serious injuries has forced Republicans to accept blacks into the Army. Compulsory recruitment of blacks into the army was resolved only by the law of 24 February 1864, that is, in the final year of the war. Blacks fought with unparalleled courage and played a huge role in the victory of the North. Hence, it is possible to draw a conclusion that blacks during the civil war showed many examples of heroism and resourcefulness and had a great impact on the outcome of the Civil War.

Strategies to Measure Poverty

Strategies to Measure Poverty Poverty is a social problem and it has been considered as a feature of inequality in society. This view is shared by Machperson Silburn (1998, 1), as they consider poverty as a cause of political and morale challenges to all societies at all times. Roll (1992, 7) defined poverty as a shortage of something which is morally unacceptable and calls for action. Or in a more official way, poverty can be defined as the number of people with incomes below an arbitrary percentage of the average Gordon et al (2000, 8). There are two types of poverty depending on the way that it is measured, those types are: relative and absolute poverty. Absolute poverty refers to the minimum physical needs that are associated with physical survival, taking account of food, clothing, and shelter (Roll, 1992, 14). On the other hand, relative poverty is usually related to social needs and as is a feature of income inequality and can be described as being a comparison to something else (Roll, 1992, 15). In other words it could be the inability to have stuff that most people in society think it is essential. To illustrate this and to understand public opinion on the subject of necessities, a survey carried out by 1500 people in 1999 produced the following results: over 90% of the population in each case perceive beds and bedding for everyone, heating, damp-free home, visiting friends or family and medicine prescribed by doctor as items which adults should have in Britain. By contrast, less than 10 per cent sees mobile phones and internet access as necessary Gordon et al (2000, 18).However, nowadays, internet access and mobile phones are considered as necessities to most people in society, so those who cannot afford them are counted in relative poverty. There are many ways to measure poverty and they could vary from country to another. The measurement of poverty aims to help develop new policies to reduce the extent of poverty, and enables politicians to determine how many people live in poverty and what the social characteristics associated with them are, such as gender and age (MacPherson Silburn, 1998, 8). Each measure of poverty has advantages and disadvantages, and has different influence on policy. For example, income thresholds approach defines poverty as being under a specific threshold level in terms of households average income or benefit levels. In the UK, it is the most common measure of poverty, and a household is said to be in poverty if its income, after taxes, is less than 60% of the UK median for that year (Aldridge et al, 2013). The main advantage of this approach is that it is simple as it does not require detailed data from people (Gordon et al, 2000, 74), and that the standard of need is implicit in the benefit levels decided by government (Gordon et al, 2000, 74). However, there are some problems with using this approach; for example, it could be argued when the thresholds based on the average income that it is measuring the inequality of income rather than measuring poverty. Also MacPherson Silburn (1998, 14) argued that the benefit rates may be set at a very low rate, well below average earning, and thus do not provide an acceptable poverty threshold measure. Low income is a major problem in the United Kingdom, as it is at the centre of poverty matters. It has short term as well as long term effects on individuals and society overall, as people who are in low income are more likely to have serious illnesses, for example Cancer mortality rates in the poorest areas (200 per 100,000) are 50% higher than average, and have not fallen in the last decade, while the average has fallen by one-sixth (Aldridge et al, 2013). Low income also affects the whole British economy, as British society has turned out to be controlled by material goods and market relationships and any shortage would have a great effect on the economy. This means, that measuring poverty in the right way would help to reduce the pattern on low income (Kenway et al, 2002, 18). The cause of the rise and fall of the number of people with low income is debatable. Some consider it to be the individuals fault because laziness and passivity. However, others see it deeper than that and put the responsibility on the governments policies as Kenway et al (2002, 18) state that the chief weapons that have been used in the assault on low income over the last few years are first, reforms to the tax and benefit system and second, the national minimum wage. For example, if the government raises taxes and cuts down on benefits, as a result, the number of people on low income will rise, as well as poverty. On the other hand, it could be argued that this weapon can be used in a positive way to decrease the number of people on low income and against poverty, by decreasing taxes and offering more/higher benefits. The same also applies for minimum wage, where it could be increased or decreased, which in turn will have an effect on the level of poverty in Britain. Thats why ther e are many measures of poverty, as each measure is used to look deeper into the problem from a different angle to try and conclude where the responsibility/blame lies and the best ways to deal and solve this problem. Another way of measuring poverty is by using consensual/social indicators. This approach is very much dependent on social surveys and on public view of necessities. Not only the UK implemented this approach of measuring poverty, but many other countries did, such as, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Germany and Vietnam. That made it one of the most common approaches of measuring poverty. However, it has been criticised because peoples responses are firmly based on their own subjective experience, which may be far removed from the poverty level (MacPherson Silburn, 1998, 12). Budget standard is another method to measure poverty. It is based on a very basic basket of goods, the only good thing about it is, that things can be put into or taken out of a budget standard easily (Gordon et al, 2000, 75). But when it comes to weakness points, budget standard has some, for example, it only focuses on a group of people and does not cover all types of people, such as, people from various cultures, or with special needs, as Roll (1992, 39) confirms; the argument is that people have different spending patterns so that, even if they had the same amount of income from benefit, they would not spend it on the basket of goods. Because of that, this approach is not used much now to measure poverty. So, other ways of measurement had to be developed such as social exclusion. This approach is used in the UK, and it focuses on the shortage of access to the types of social relations, norms and interests (Gordon et al, 2000). It refers more to relative poverty rather than absolu te poverty. Lastly, poverty can be measured subjectively, or in other words, using subjective measures. This method is based on categorizing the poverty thresholds by society itself without any intervention from experts or the government, making it the most democratic approach of measuring poverty, which is the best thing about it. On the other hand, it could be argued that subjective poverty lines tend to fluctuate over time depending on changes in the social reference group and on period of reference (Gordon et al, 2000,73). In conclusion, poverty is a serious issue which affects the individual as well as the whole society. Many elements are involved in it such as the place, time, income, gender, health, and benefits. And in order to take all of these into account, many approaches and methods have been developed for measuring poverty, each one being applied to a specific element. As a result, this has produced measures which look into the issue of poverty from various angles, which in turn, offer policy makers the opportunity to develop new rules and regulations to minimise poverty as much as possible.

Assassination at Sarajevo :: Essays Papers

Assassination at Sarajevo Important Places/Dates of event: April,1914- Narodna Obrandna recieves paper that says that Francis Ferdinand will be coming to Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 Sarajevo-June28, 1914- Francis Ferdinand and Sofia Chotek are assassinated July 23- Austria sends ultimatum to Serbian leaders July 28-Austria declares war on Serbia August 1, 1914- Germany declares war on Russia August 2, 1914- Germany asks for free transit in Belgium; Belgium refuses, but German’s enter anyway August 3, 1914- Germany declares war on France August 4, 1914- Germany admits to violation of Belgian rights, promises to restore order after war October 12, 1914- Gavrilo Princip’s trial Key Idnividuals/Roles: Francis Joseph- emperor of Austria-Hungary Francis Ferdinand –Archduke, heir to the thone; assassinated Sofia Chotek- Francis Ferdinand’s wife; assassinated Gavrilo Princip-assassin and revolutionary terrorist Description/Summary of Event: Of all the European rulers at the time, none was probably more unlucky or unhappy as Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria-Hungary. Francis Joseph’s brother Maximillian was killed by a Mexican firing squad, his sister-in-law went insane, his wife was killed by an anarchist, and his son had either committed suicide or was murdered along with his mistress. As if this wasn’t enough on Sunday June 28,1914 Francis Joseph’s nephew and heir was assassinated along with his wife in Sarajevo. The assassin at Sarajevo was a 19-year-old man named Gavrilo Princip, a member of Narodna Obrandna, which was a secret Serbian patriotic-terrorist group. This groups goal was to restore Serbia back to the way it used to be and becoming free of Austrian rule. In April of 1914 Narodna Obrandna received a piece of paper saying that Francis Ferdinand will be coming to Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The Serbs saw this event as an insult and an opportunity. June 28 is day in the hearts of all Serbs called Vidovnan. On this day the Turks conquered the old Serb kingdom at the battle of Amsefelde in 1389. It also was the day during the 2nd Balkan war when Serbian armies took revenge on the Turks. Francis Ferdinand’s visit on this day made Serbian’s mad but it meant something totally different for the Narodna Obrandna. They saw this as an opportunity to kill Francis Ferdinand and start the revolutionary movement against Austria-Hungary. From the date Narodna Obrandna received the paper telling of the event, to a few days before they prepared the assassination. The guns and hand grenades were bought from Major Tankosic, a leader of a Serbian radical group.

Essay --

Aristotel considera cÄÆ' majoritatea oamenilor meritÄÆ' sÄÆ' fie sclavi datoritÄÆ' faptului cÄÆ' se complac à ®ntr-un stil de viaÈ›ÄÆ' asemenea animalelor. Oamenii concep binele ÅŸi fericirea à ®n funcÈ›ie de modul de viaÃ… £Ã„Æ' pe care à ®l au. Majoritatea à ®Ãˆâ„¢i gÄÆ'seÈ™te fericirea à ®n plÄÆ'cere, de aceea mulÈ›i au o viaÃ… £Ã„Æ' plinÄÆ' de desfÄÆ'tÄÆ'ri. Sclavul face parte din ultima treaptÄÆ' a societÄÆ'È›ii, fiind un termen de comparaÈ›ie sub care nu se poate cÄÆ'dea. El este o fiinÈ›ÄÆ' inferioarÄÆ' tuturor oamenilor. Sclavul este sluga stÄÆ'pà ¢nului, unealta prin care stÄÆ'pà ¢nul à ®Ãˆâ„¢i sporeÈ™te avuÈ›ia, cum ar fi un sclav care munceÈ™te à ®n plantaÈ›ia stÄÆ'pà ¢nului. Sclavul este un obiect de schimb, de và ¢nzare, de supunere. Cel care este sclav este umil, subapreciat È™i nu este lÄÆ'udat vreodatÄÆ' pentru munca sa. Sclavul à ®i aparÈ›ine cu totul stÄÆ'pà ¢nului. El nu se poate à ®nÄÆ'lÈ›a din statul social pe care à ®l are, astfel un sclav nu va deveni niciodatÄÆ' stÄÆ'pà ¢n. De asemenea, un sclav nu poate comanda stÄÆ'pà ¢nului aÈ™a cum un membru nu poate comanda creierului. StÄÆ'pà ¢nul este singurul care poate comanda sclavului cà ¢t È™i familiei. Spre sfà ¢rÈ™itul vieÈ›ii dupÄÆ' moartea lui Alexandru, trebuie sa se refugieze deoarece partidul patriotic nu-i putea ierta legÄÆ'tura cu familia domnitoare. La perÅŸi tatÄÆ'l era asemenea unui tiranei, cÄÆ'ci à ®Ã…Ÿi trata copiii asemenea unor sclavi. De asemenea, stÄÆ'pà ¢nul se comporta tiranic cu sclavii, deoarece el à ®Ãˆâ„¢i urmÄÆ'reÈ™te propriul scop. Sclavul trebuie sÄÆ' ducÄÆ' la à ®ndeplinire tot ceea ce à ®i cere stÄÆ'pà ¢nul, chiar È™i atunci cà ¢nd acesta este un om nedrept sau care doreÈ™te ca sclavul sÄÆ' comitÄÆ' o nedreptate, cum ar fi uciderea cuiva. Invidia nu este altceva decà ¢t un fel de à ®ntristare pentru fericirea ce ni se pare ca au egalii noÈ™tri posedà ¢nd sau capatand bunurile, despre care am vorbit, si aceasta nu a... ...poate fi fericit. Suprema fericire o au zeii. Ei au ajuns pe treapta cea mai à ®naltÄÆ' a fericirii. Omul tinde spre acest lucru, iar modul prin care o poate face este prin intermediul contemplaÈ›iei. Aceasta se realizeazÄÆ' doar de cei care sunt prosperi, sÄÆ'nÄÆ'toÈ™i, care au toate cele necesare trupului, fÄÆ'rÄÆ' de care nu s-ar putea trÄÆ'i. Cei care nu au bunuri exterioare, care nu sunt sÄÆ'nÄÆ'toÈ™i È™i nu au suficientÄÆ' hranÄÆ' necesarÄÆ' supravieÈ›uirii nu pot fi fericiÈ›i. O astfel de categorie este reprezentatÄÆ' de sclavi. Fericirea este o activitate, una demnÄÆ' de dorit à ®n sine. Fericirea se mai gÄÆ'seÈ™te È™i à ®n momentele de liniÈ™te, de rÄÆ'gaz, momente pe care le pregÄÆ'tim prin activitatea pe care alegem sÄÆ' o facem. Sclavul nu poate alege cà ¢nd sÄÆ' lucreze, cà ¢nd sÄÆ' se relaxeze, cà ¢nd sÄÆ' fie fericit. Pentru a te bucura de fericire trebuie sÄÆ' fii à ®n primul rà ¢nd om, apoi un om cu adevÄÆ'rat virtuos.

Overview Program Evaluation

Overview of Program Evaluation HCS/549 April 15, 2013 Overview of Program Evaluation Program evaluation is a useful resource to evaluate programs that are currently an organization or an industry is making good use of. Evaluating programs not only bring out the strengths and weaknesses but also identifies the picture of the plans implemented. The purpose of this paper is to examine the purpose for program evaluation and why it can be useful to an organization.This paper will speak of the five most common types of program evaluation models and will select one program evaluation model to describe from week one’s reading. Purpose for program evaluation â€Å"There is only one overall purpose for program evaluation activities: contributing to the provision of quality services to people in need. Program evaluation contributes to quality services by providing feedback from program activities and outcomes to those who can make changes in programs† (Posavac & Carey, 2007, p. 14 ).If there is no feedback, then the programs will be very hard to carry out and be effective. The processes of evaluation require feedback systems; similarly, feedback on behavior in organizations is also crucial for the success of an organization. Delayed feedback, not clearly associated with the examination of behavior, is not very informative. In the readings, the writers have argued that environmental problems are hard to solve because of the long delay between environmentally destructive activities and feedback indicating a weakening of natural systems. Assessing needs, measuring the implementation of programs to meet those needs, evaluating the achievement of carefully formed goals and objectives, and comparing the level of outcome with the costs involved relative to similar programs serve to provide information from which to develop program improvements† (Posavac & Carey, 2007, p. 14). This is useful for organizations because it gives them an idea of their programs and what needs help if there are any issues related to the programs evaluated. Five most common modelsA number of different approaches to evaluation have been put forward to guide the planning and implementation of program evaluations. Each of the models discussed includes emphases that are valid aspects of program evaluation. â€Å"One value of thinking about models lies in developing an appreciation of the range of questions evaluators can consider. The specific questions being addressed by an evaluation or the specific aspects of the program setting often make one or another of the models especially useful† (Posavac & Carey, 2007, p. 23-25).The models: The traditional model, Social Science model, Industrial Inspection model, Black Box Evaluation, and Objectives-Based Evaluation model, are very common and helpful in different types of organizations and environment. The model that is very interesting to use and describe is the Objective-Based Evaluation model. Objectives-Based E valuation In an effort to design an evaluation for a specific program, some approaches emphasize working with clearly stated program goals and objectives so that the degree to which such goals and objectives are achieved can be measured. This has been the most prevalent model used for program evaluation. Examining goals and objectives seems to be an essential aspect of evaluation; it is important to judge a program relative to its particular structure and what it is designed to achieve† (Posavac & Carey, 2007, p. 23-25). It is very important for organizations to clearly and closely examine their goals and objectives to successfully plan for future. At the same time, taking objectives-based evaluation to evaluate the situation is also important to know the points of view of the staff in the organization. ConclusionIn conclusion, evaluation of different types of programs is important in organizations because it bring out the ups and downs of the organization. Purpose of program evaluation is to provide feedback that can be helpful for organizations. Without feedback, the organizations programs cannot be effective or put in proper use. Also feedback on behaviors within the program evaluations is crucial for the success of an organization. The five models: The traditional model, Social Science model, Industrial Inspection model, Black Box Evaluation, and Objectives-Based Evaluation model give a ood idea of what it is like to use these models in different scenarios. The Objective-based model is the most prevalent model to use because it closely examines goals and objective that play an important part in an organization. Using this model a company or an organization can prepare for plans and goals, which can be achieved successfully. Reference Posavac, E. J. , & Carey, R. G. (2007). Program Evaluation: Methods and Case Studies (7th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

King Kong Movie Comparison

The King of Kong The movies King Kong (1976) and King Kong (2005) based on the 1933 film are some of the most captivating films that offer to the audience memorable characters, resonating emotions, thrilling actions and archetypal narratives. Bierman indicates that the heart-stopping and jaw-dropping King Kong films have been made to expand visual languages mostly expressed by motion pictures to capture the core appeal which many classic movies have (57).As this paper examines, the 1976 King Kong movie and its 2005 re-make display certain similarities and differences in terms of art, style and technological wonder as well as poignant character development. These are indicative of the evolution of the Hollywood style. Besides, as movies of high polysemy quality, their audience draw attention to aspects like overt sexism, misogyny, cultural portrayal of women as fault makers and victims, fears of miscegenation, racist ideologies and capitalist fables.It is against this front that this paper holistically examines the two King Kong movies and concludes by exploring the American culture, society and politics at the time when both films were made. The movie King Kong made in 1976 was produced by Dino De Laurentis alongside John Guillermin as the director. Being an American monster movie, King Kong (1976) remarkably reflected the 1933 King Kong classic film (Farber 104). This movie stars Jessica Lange, Charles Grodin and Jessica bridges.According to credible sources, the King Kong 1976 movie whose cost of making is estimated to have been $24 million was done by the universal studio and distributed by Paramount Pictures. While the 1976 movie has been considered by critics to bear a lot of fun, one would agree with the common wisdom which contends that in comparison to the classic 1933 film and the 2005 re-make, the 1976 King Kong movie was considerably below the expected standards. According to Stymeist, this was reflected in its lack of original magic as it was in the earlier movie (400).This is reflected in Rick Baker who in his monkey suit robs the movie stop motion technology thereby making it void of craftsmanship. However, it is agreeable that the rendition of the 1976 movie has a breezy feel and is also quite thrilling to the target audience. Both the 1976 and 2005 King Kong movies bring out the story of a voyage in a ship to a discovered island where Petrox and Fred Wilson and Carl Denham believe that they were vast oil deposits. The movie made in 1976 is a reflection of the oil crisis that was a problem in the 1970’s.While in the ship, certain characters such as Jeff Bridges and Jessica Lange join each other with a unique mission. On the island, they meet island tribes, many monsters just as depicted in the 1933 film. Later on after a series of events, Kong is brought to New York and concludes by a major battle between Kong and the American army at the top of the World Trade Center. On the other hand, the 2005 King Kong film is a remarkable fantasy adventure film starring Andy Serkis, Adrien Brody, Jack Black and Naomi Watts.The producers of the movie include Frank Walsh, Peter Jackson, Carolynne Cunningham and Jan Blenkin. Besides, the studio that produced the movie is said to be the Universal studio and its US distributor is the Universal Pictures. It is imperative to point out that the choice of re-making the American iconic masterpiece King Kong (1973 movie) by Peter Jackson has been termed as a major fulfillment of a Hollywood dream. This movie is a combination of the 1976 and 1933 versions that represents the definitive King Kong.Albeit the several wrinkles and changes it has, the storyline pays few direct homage one of which includes the hammiest verbatim dialogue snatch where the absence of Fay Wray is experienced as she prepares something for Cooper. Schleier in his view points out that the 2005 film displays the kind of dislike where Jackson shows towards the 1976 version (40). This is mirrored in the manner in which he freely borrows from the 1976 movie and changes others. For instance, the 1973 movie has a one-way relationship between the monkey and the girl while in the 2005 film, the relationship is reciprocal.Even so, it is without doubt that the movie is more touching, daring, and energetic. Its two hours displays intense series of action most movies lack. It offers a cinematic experience that is richer and satisfying. However, some critics are of the view that the presence of monkey opus in the 2005 film is excessive. This makes the movie less enjoyable. The two movies have one basic theme that is being developed. The self-promoting and obsessive filmmakers of both movies load the crews of the films in a venture ship to a mysterious destination known as the Skull Island.When at the island, the crew’s expectations appear to be changed by the hostile tribes and monsters they meet. Kong then appears and rescues the girl from the hostile environment, and also ends u p taking charge of the rest of the movie. From the American Cinema/America Culture textbook stand point, both movies and their style of production are very impressive. The plots of the movies are considerably straight forward as depicted by the flow of events from the arrival at the skull island to the kidnapping of the girl by islanders whose cultures are different from that of the crew.Besides, apart from the modernized changes in the 2005 film, both movies display character development and cultural diversity. Though this is not quite prominent, the personalities of Kong and individuals in the island community are well explored. In addition, Prime argues that the re-make of the 1976 film in 2005 reflects Jackson’s utmost reverence and best intention in keeping the originality of style (64). While the American social setting and culture is a factor that changes from time to time, Jackson appears to underscore the need to maintain originality.Even so, there are traces of diff erences in the film in terms of use of technology and theme development. However, Prime admits that the 2005 movie unlike that of the 1976 is choked with homages from the 1933 film. This is indicative from the design of the opening title to the various cut versions of the of the 1933 film that include snippets of dialogue and the attack by bugs. The obsequiousness of Jackson in the 2005 version compared to the 1976 is not merely fawning, but also makes the movie excessively long.To concur with the above argument, it is indeed true that 2005 edition has a monkey business that lasts for almost three hours. While its style resembles those of the original plot with culture and society matters, the mass population of monstrous creatures led by the monstrous Kong seems to be excessive. Critics are not shy to point out that the style of the re-make is full of extra characters, side plots and back-story. However, Belton is of the view that these are critical in bringing adequate comparison of performance, richness, diversity and magical experience (66).The theme of the 2005 film is surprisingly on loneliness than fighting the gargantuan monsters. The intense emotional display brings out Kong as an uber-furball played off by Naomi Watts. It is imperative to point out that the movie essentials in the 2005 re-making remains faithful in terms of basics contained on the 1973 movie. However, Jackson gives this movie his own artistic style. Unlike the monster-kind of movie displayed in the 1973 film, Jackson appears to make King Kong more sympathetic and deeply emotional. Farber indicates that this appears to torture the film (110).From the American Cinema perspective, one of the most difficult parts of a movie is the aesthetic and technological category whose confinements can be mise-en-scene to shot limits or frame borders (Belton 57). In the movie, the reaction of characters to unseen noises and voices continuing over cuts and outside the frame stands out. In addition, it is imperative to note that the movies are shot on different locations and yet music, sound effects and dialogue extend from scene to scene. Belton points out that the editing process of King Kong has its integral aspect on sound editing cut from shot to shot (57).While its score in music is nondescript, its recording is unique and the music is less intrusive. Visually, the movie is marvelous, a factor that is attributed to no location shooting and technology. This makes its scenes especially the Skull Island to appear claustrophobic and eerie. On a technical level, the special effects in King Kong appear amazing and polished. It is without doubt that the visual technique used in the re-make is exclusive with all features of Kong – which has been manipulated by hand.One would argue that the re-make in 2005 puts life in the Hollywood magical experience. While this may be true, it is also undeniable that King Kong reflects the culture and style of the past five decades and has occasional antiquated styles and various deficiencies (Sexton 40). Furthermore, both films have sufficient pictographic representations of the dynamism in society that gives them a thematic score. Notably, there emerges a technical difference in the films whereby each version portrays the actual occurrences during the various times they were produced.For instance, the visual displays of the new vision have colorful designs and even the costume provide a clear evidence of social evolution in the modern world. Needless to say, the films portray three-point illumination that gives them a classical look in the scene. On the same note, there is a clear coordination of the music, dialogue and sound effects in the scene. Nevertheless, for the new version, it appears more realistic. In this case, the combination of sound mix with the tracks in the scene creates an appealing attitude for the audience.The sound effects from the music actually create and make the dialogue and the acting scene more intelligible. The matches on the scene such as actions and graphics create a continuous sequence. Consequently, this credits the film as one of the groundbreaking versions of a renowned movie. It is evident from the paper that the movie King Kong of 1976 and its 2005 re-make are some of the most captivating films that offer everything from memorable characters, resonating emotions, thrilling actions and archetypal narratives which keeps its legacy continuing.As noted earlier, the 1976 movie was shot at a time when there was an oil crisis in the US. This event is displayed in the movie as Carl Denham moves to the Skull Island to seek oil. Besides, the culture of that time as reflected in the manner of worship, social and political relations were different from the time when the movie was undergoing re-making. Vices and cultures like human sacrifice and worship of gigantic beasts were common. The changes made by Jackson in the re-make 2005 movie reflect a different society.One su ch change is that emergence of a technical difference where each version portrays change in technology and culture. Works Cited Belton, John. American cinema/American culture. Rockefeller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Bierman,  Joseph. â€Å"Cinema at the periphery†. Journal of Film and Video  63. 2  (2011):  56-58. Print. Farber, Helmut. â€Å"King Kong: One more interpretation, or, what cinema tells about itself. †Ã‚  Discourse  22. 2  (2000):  104-127. Print. Loxton,  Daniel. â€Å"Skull Island, Canada. †Ã‚  Skeptic  14. 1  (2008):  12-14. Print. Prime, Rebecca. â€Å"Living dangerously: the adventures of Merian C.Cooper, Creator of King Kong. Film Quarterly  60. 2  (2006):  63-64. Print. Schleier,  Merrill. â€Å"The empire state building, working-class masculinity, and King Kong. †Ã‚  Mosaic: a Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature  41. 2  (2008):  29-54. Print. Sexton,  Jared. â€Å"The ruse of engagement: black masculinity and the cinema of policing. †Ã‚  American Quarterly  61. 1  (2009):  39-64. Print. Stymeist,  David. â€Å"Myth and the monster cinema. †Ã‚  Anthropologica  51. 2  (2009):  395-406. Print. King Kong (2005). Movie. Universal Pictures. WingNut Films. King Kong (1976). Movie. Dino De Laurentiis Company.

Health Awareness Of Men Health And Social Care Essay

Although this is right the modern adult male is an germinating gender, doing alterations to better their life style, going more wellness witting and gaining they can do a difference. ( Millan.G, 2010, p.i ) The intent of this essay is to briefly outline some of the alterations work forces can and are doing when it comes to their ain wellness and good being. Besides to discourse the options available for the intervention of prostate malignant neoplastic disease and the advantages and hazards that lay behind holding a vasectomy. Work forces are taking charge and going responsible for their determinations when it comes to their wellness. Implicating things into their life style which are holding long term effects on their wellness, some of the alterations which can be made are ; alterations within 1s diet, believing about what one chow, how much and when. Exercise and weight are taken into consideration along with fume intoxicant and drug consumption, normally necessitating one to discontinue. ( Beazley M. , 2011, p.1-61 ) Other of import things that work forces are sing when altering 1s lifestyle is the consciousness of their emotional well being, the effects of equal force per unit area, emphasis degrees and direction every bit good as guaranting that regular wellness cheques are carried out. Health consciousness is a thing of the modern adult male. Typically work forces of the yesteryear have had a stereotyped image that they have felt they need to populate up to that has developed over old ages, this being that the male gender was the ‘stronger ‘ or ‘muscular ‘ gender and for many work forces acknowledging a wellness concern or unwellness was like acknowledging failing. Society ‘s manner of thought has easy evolved, now work forces and their households are encouraged to be proactive about work forces ‘s wellness and it is no longer considered a failing to acknowledge unwellness or inquire for aid. ( Millan, 2010, p.vi ) Health consciousness plays a immense function when it comes to the bar and sensing of many diseases, malignant neoplastic diseases and life threatening unwellnesss. Harmonizing to the New Zealand Guidelines Group, about 4 in every one hundred deceases amongst work forces are caused by prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Statisticss from 2001 show that about two tierces the deceases were aged over 75 old ages of age and that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the 3rd deadliest amongst work forces. ( Ministry of Health ( MOH ) , 2008. P.5 ) Prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a malignant tumour which starts in the prostate secretory organ and is portion of the male generative system. ( MOH, 2008, p. 4 ) In younger work forces it is merely little, incorporating a hole in the centre which the urethra, the tubing that passes piss from the vesica to out of the organic structure. As work forces mature through to an old age this frequently enlarges doing all kinds of jobs, most normally partially or wholly cutting off urine supply. ( Millan, G. 2010, p.147-149 ) Cancer of the prostate can be both a slow turning malignant neoplastic disease doing no symptoms or sawed-off life, every bit good as a rapid turning malignant neoplastic disease which finally escapes the prostate spreading to environing tissue and variety meats, this when the malignant neoplastic disease go life endangering. ( MOH, 2008, p.4 ) At this point the malignant neoplastic disease is able to be treated but considered incurable. ( Millan, G. 2010, p.149 ) Prostate malignant neoplastic disease can be treated in many different ways depending on what phase it is detected and the badness of its growing. These intervention options include hormonal, surgery and radiation interventions. ( Prostate Cancer, 2012, para 7 ) Today there are 6 types of standard interventions available for those diagnosed with prostate malignant neoplastic disease these are alert waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy and biologic therapy. Patients can besides choose to take portion in clinical tests of new types of interventions. Current clinical interventions consist of Cryosurgery, high strength focused ultrasound and Proton beam radiation therapy. ( National Cancer Institute, 2012, para 1-2 ) Usually it is recommended that a clinical intervention be carried out in concurrence with a standard method of intervention. ( Prostate Cancer, 2012, para 7 ) The interventions are categorized into two groups ; healing intervention and non-curative intervention. Curative intervention works towards bring arounding the disease either by surgery to take the malignant neoplastic disease or destructing the malignant neoplastic disease cells by agencies of radiation therapy. Non-curative interventions are used when the malignant neoplastic disease has spread and there is no longer a opportunity of cure spot there is still a high possibility of decelerating the patterned advance of the malignant neoplastic disease down. ( MOH, 2008, p12 ) There are many factors which increase the possibility of a adult male developing prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Harmonizing to Mead ( 1992 ) surveies have shown that those who have had a vasectomy are at an increased hazard of developing prostate malignant neoplastic disease later in life. ( Mead, N. , 1992, Para 2 ) A vasectomy is the procedure in which a male becomes unfertile, unable to bring forth seeds incorporating sperm. This is achieved by holding the two tubings, which carry sperm from the testicles to the phallus, cut and blocked. ( Mancini, L.A, 2012, para1 ) Although a vasectomy reversal is possible the determination to hold the process done should be exhaustively thought through, taking into consideration all of the hazards and advantages as a vasectomy reversal is non effectual one hundred per centum of the clip. Merely 40-75 % of the clip the reversal is a success. ( Mancini, L.A. , 2012, para 1 ) Some advantages of under traveling a vasectomy as a signifier of long-run sterilisation over other processs available are it is a cheaper, less invasive and is considered safer compared with the likes of the female process ; a tubal ligation. ( Ezekiel & A ; Co, 2010, para 1 ) A Vasectomy is a one time off process that does non necessitate any pills or devices used for birth control that are likely to bury to be taken. It is considered a dependable method of birth control and harmonizing to Relay Clinical Education there is merely a 0.1 % opportunity of falling pregnant after a vasectomy. ( Relay Clinical Education, 2012, p.4 ) With all advantages lie hazards and it is good known that a vasectomy, although rare can neglect at any point, this normally occurs shortly after the process, ensuing in an unexpected gestation. ( Halder, N, 2000, para 1-2 ) There are besides physical hazards and disadvantages which include swelling of the testicles, some degree of uncomfortableness, and some hemorrhage in the scrotum may be experienced following the process. Like all surgical scratchs or cuts there is besides hazard of infection and extra hemorrhage. Although rare chronic hurting in one or both of the testiss can besides be an issue and as a local anaesthetic is required these is ever hazard of it non working efficaciously or the patient holding an allergic reaction to the drugs. ( Relay Clinical Education, 2012, p.4 ) In decision work forces ‘s wellness today is more recognized to be an of import manner of future coevalss. Society is altering for the better of work forces and work forces are being encouraged to assist themselves and inquire for aid. Work force today attention about their wellness and good being, and are making more to better both their physical and psychological wellness along with covering with their emotional wellness. Key factors behind populating an gratifying life and keeping good wellness come from a combination of maintaining fit, healthy feeding, looking and experiencing younger, great sex, being involved in healthy relationships, taking a stress free life style and holding assurance. There are many effectual options available for the bar, sensing and intervention of prostate malignant neoplastic disease depending on the person ‘s instance. Like all processs a vasectomy has many advantages and disadvantages that need to be extremely considered before any pick about household planning is made.

Oedipus complex and relationships in ‘Sons and Lovers’ Essay

David Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885 in Nottinghamshire, England where his father was a miner. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and Lovers. Lawrence had many affairs with women in his life, including a longstanding relationship with Jessie Chambers (on whom the character of Miriam is based), an engagement to Louie Burrows, and an eventual elopement to Germany with Frieda Weekley. Sons and Lovers was written in 1913, and contains many autobiographical details. His childhood coal-mining town of Eastwood was changed, with a sardonic twist, to Bestwood. Walter Morel was modeled on Lawrence’s hard-drinking, irresponsible collier father, Arthur. Lydia became Gertrude Morel, the intellectually stifled, unhappy mother who lives through her sons. The death of one of Lawrence’s elder brothers, Ernest, and Lydia’s grief and eventual obsession with Lawrence, seem hardly changed in the novel. (Both Ernest and his fictional correspondent, William, were engaged to London stenographers). Filling out the cast of important characters was Jessie Chambers, a neighbor with whom Lawrence developed an intense friendship, and who would become Miriam Leiver in the novel. His mother and family disapproved of their relationship, which always seemed on the brink of romance. Nevertheless, Chambers was Lawrence’s greatest literary supporter in his early years, and he frequently showed her drafts of what he was working on, including Sons and Lovers (she disliked her depiction, and it led to the dissolution of their relationship). Lawrence’s future wife, Frieda von Richtofen Weekly, partially inspired the portrait of Clara Dawes, the older, sensual woman with whom Paul has an affair. Considered Lawrence’s first masterpiece, most critics of the day praised Sons and Lovers for its authentic treatment of industrial life and sexuality. There is evidence that Lawrence was aware of Sigmund Freud’s early theories on sexuality, and Sons and Lovers deeply explores and revises of one of Freud’s major theories, the Oedipus complex. Still, the book received some criticism from those who felt the author had gone too far in his description of Paul’s confused sexuality. Sons and Lovers was the first modern portrayal of a phenomenon that later, thanks to Freud, became easily recognizable as the Oedipus complex. Never was a son more tied to his mother’s love and full of hatred for his father than Paul Morel, D. H. Lawrence’s young protagonist. Never, that is, except perhaps Lawrence himself. In his 1913 novel he came to grips with the discordant loves that haunted him all his life–for his spiritual childhood sweetheart, here called Miriam, and for his mother, whom he transformed into Mrs. Morel. It is, by Lawrence’s own account, a book aimed at depicting this woman’s grasp: â€Å"as her sons grow up she selects them as lovers–first the eldest, then the second. These sons are urged into life by their reciprocal love of their mother–urged on and on. But when they come to manhood, they can’t love, because their mother is the strongest power in their lives. † Of course, Mrs. Morel takes neither of her two elder sons as a literal lover, but nonetheless her psychological snare is immense. She loathes Paul’s Miriam from the start, understanding that the girl’s deep love of her son will oust her: â€Å"She’s not like an ordinary woman, who can leave me my share in him. She wants to absorb him. † Meanwhile, Paul plays his part with equal fervor, incapable of committing himself in either direction: â€Å"Why did his mother sit at home and suffer?†¦ And why did he hate Miriam, and feel so cruel towards her, at the thought of his mother. If Miriam caused his mother suffering, then he hated her–and he easily hated her. † Soon thereafter he even confesses to his mother: â€Å"I really don’t love her. I talk to her, but I want to come home to you. † The result of all this is that Paul throws Miriam over for a married suffragette, Clara Dawes, who fulfills the sexual component of his ascent to manhood but leaves him without a complete relationship to challenge his love for his mother. When Paul, physically aroused, finds no natural response in the girl who seems to love him-Miriam, he is confused, helpless, and becomes even cruel. Unable to assert himself, or even to accept as natural his longings he is unable to continue in the spiritual relationship with the girl—because his mother alone already owns his soul. The relationship is ended, Paul’s personality suffers a kind of tearing or splitting and in his next relationship Paul realizes at some unconscious level he must leave his soul somewhat free for his mother and participate on a kind of detached physical level. Thus, in his relationship with Clara, it is the primarily bodily maleness of Paul bonding with the primarily bodily femaleness. Obviously the danger is to oversimplify the Paul/Miriam and Paul/Clara relationships. It is true that the contact with Clara puts Paul at least temporarily into richer contact with his own body, his phallic consciousness, as Lawrence would say, whereas in his sterile relationships with his mother and Miriam Paul has had to forego this fuller consciousness. Now he experiences what he believes is a kind of paradisiacal kind of love and fulfillment. In any case, all the relationships in Sons and Lovers seem to involve power struggles: Mrs. Morel extracts power from her husband by turning from his sexual presence and then dominating, even emasculating her sons; she controls Paul’s devotion through the imposition of her values and aspirations and thus weights down their relationship. The balance of power in relationships seems to be an essential concern of D. h. Lawrence, since it is appears over and over again to be responsible for the death of love. Lawrence’s men and women will not be controlled, possessed or lost in another individual’s reality. D. H. Lawrence’s perpetual search for the archetypal human relationship affects all his fiction and particularly Sons and Lovers, his coming of age novel. It is here that his preoccupation with the love ethic and the profound split caused by the imbalance or â€Å"power cast,† of most relationships are so nakedly revealed. The incomplete and imperfect relationships of Sons and Lovers are among the most discussed and analyzed in English Literature. Paul Morel’s imprisoning relationship with his mother cripples all his other relationships.